Thursday, October 31, 2019

Planning in the Health-Care Setting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning in the Health-Care Setting - Case Study Example Health Information Management was formed by Jackie and Sandra as a partnership firm and consists of 6 other specialists (Elements of a Business Plan). As this market niche has not been identified so there are no competitors at all as yet. Therefore, considerable profits can be reaped but competitors will penetrate in future so the firm should provide cost-effective and premium quality services to retain its market share even in future. Presently, there exists an untapped market niche for home health care personnel and resources. Hence, the firm has an excellent opportunity to cater to the entire industry and establish its monopoly before competitors enter the market .Customers’ expectations and industry standards are based around providing prompt and quality home health care benefits. Market trend seems to suggest growth in future years. Prompt and premium home health care services shall be provided. Price skimming shall be used to reap the maximum profits, as demand for these services is unfulfilled so customers will pay the high prices. The services should be promoted through hospitals and clinics and shall be provided at homes of patients (Crow & Goldstein, 2003). In addition to Jackie and Sandra, the management team is composed of 2 RRAs and 4 ARTs. The principal partners as well as the specialist staff are highly motivated and committed to business growth and betterment. Bryan and others have willingly taken the challenge of providing home health care

Monday, October 28, 2019

Post-war inequalities in British health and education Essay Example for Free

Post-war inequalities in British health and education Essay Poverty or low disposable income often results in an inadequate environment and not only for the obvious lack of resources such as books, pens and paper. Damp housing can have severe effects on health resulting in lower school attendance rates, or low concentration levels if child is often feeling unwell. Not having an allocated area to study is also an important factor. Kellet and Dar (2007) discovered that in low income areas where housing was cramped, children claimed that Television was a distraction from homework because of the noise Other distractions in the home environment were smoking, swearing, banging and loud music. Also that homework clubs were vital to the success of children from disadvantaged families. This study was performed by children, with the guidance and research techniques of sociologists, there for it is perceived as having a deeper and more honest insight in to childrens issues. Other class factors resulting in underachievement may be less obvious. Values differ between class perspectives and affect a childs motivation. Bowes et al (1990, p119) states that working class children are more likely to leave school as soon as they can, to find a steady job. Where as the middle class value differed gratification and Socialise their children in to wanting to remain in education in the hope of a better job when they do leave. This was confirmed by the Child Development survey, which found middle class students staying on at school and achieving better examination results. The Home and The school study (1964) found that the degree of parents interest in their childrens education was the single, most important factor affecting attainment. (Haralambos et al, 2004, p102). It found that Middle class parents visited school more and were generally more interested in their childs education. It also states that an upper middle class child was five times more likely to get in to grammar school than a child from the lower working class. Further more most of the working class pupils who were successful, came from homes where the mothers were sunken middle class. They wanted their children to do well and expressed much parental interest, Bowes et al (1990, p119). This is because parental interest not only has a direct affect on the motivations and values of a child, but also on the school environment. Middle class parents, who often have more spare time and disposable income to invest in fundraising and extra curricular activities, can raise the standards of a school immeasurably. Making school a fun place to be, that is enjoyed by all the family, creates the positive learning environment that children thrive in. Quite understandably most working class parents are to busy earning a crust to find the time and energy to invest in such endeavors and as such adopt an Education is the schools job attitude. It is also understood that language has had a negative affect on the working classs academic attainment. Professor Basil Bernstein has shown that the middle and lower classes use different patterns of speech. He called these patterns linguistic codes. According to Bernstein, most middle class children have been socialised in both restricted and elaborate codes, and are fluent in each. Whereas working class children are limited to the restricted code. Since teachers tend to be middle class and use the elaborate code, working class pupils are placed at a distinct disadvantage. There is also explanation for underachievement to be found in the hidden curriculum of a working class teacher, that is the subliminal messages he passes to children without intention. The cultural depravation theory states that children in the bottom classes are deprived of important values, attitudes, experiences and skills which are essential to educational success, (Haralambos et al, 2004, p102). This has been strongly criticised and there is evidence that if class differences in culture exist, they are slight and of little significance.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement What was the counter culture that was created in the USA during the Hippie Movement? Americans were motivated by the Vietnam War, racial injustice, fear of nuclear destruction, and the materialism of capitalist society to start rebelling against authority and start what would be known as the 1960s counterculture. Many were also inspired by people such as John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi. The Hippie movement started during the 1960s, when young middle class men and women questioned America’s materialism and cultural and political norms. Seeking a better world, the 1960s Hippie movement began, and with it, the counter culture. The counterculture of the 1960s began in the United States as a result of the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the Cold War, and the intervention in Vietnam of the military. The counter culture consisted in questioning political and cultural norms, new music, having religions outside Judeo-Christian tradition, the want for peace, more environmental awareness, changes in attitude about gender roles, less con cern about marriage and physical appearance and the search for a utopian lifestyle. William Braden, a contemporary observer said, the era of the 1960s was an age of Aquarius that heralded a new American identity-a collective identity that will be blacker, more feminine, more oriental, more emotional, more intuitive, more exuberant and better than the old one. The counterculture made American society change; it was a step closer to society as we know it today. As a result of the strict and conservative education that many parents were inflicting in their children in the 1950s, many young people decided to go against social norms and seek for freedom. With this counter culture they seeked change for the society they lived in and for societies of the future. These young people became known as hippies. They also wanted everyone to be free and to be tolerant of other races and cultures. They wanted to live in a peaceful and shared community. Many embraced psychedelic drugs and smoked marijuana in public to go against the authorities. Hippies caused various riots and movement in expensive and reputable universities in order to have more publicity. Movements such as the free speech movement in University of California, Berkeley became an effective way of challenging authorities and get full coverage on the media. Riots were against foreign policies, due to the Vietnam War, their purpose was to make it known that wars were ineffective and not wor th it. This upset many people such as workers, one said, Here were those kids, rich kids who could go to college, didnt have to fight, they are telling you your son died in vain. It makes you feel your whole life is shit, just nothing. Truth is, hippies wanted to make a change, so they rioted and made movements to get their views of freedom, peace and love known. An important factor that was part of the counter culture that the hippies started was music, different kinds of music were beginning to open up to the world during the 1960s as a way to show freedom. Many festivals and concerts took place during the 1960s to reflect this counter culture, the most important one, however, is The Woodstock Music and Art Fair, held in upstate New York in August 1969. For the hippies this meant, three days of generosity, peace, great music, liberation, and expanding consciousness, and for the conservatists of the time it meant three days of self-indulgence, noise, promiscuity, and illegal drug use. The promoters were expecting a lot of people but not the 300,000 to 400,000 people who attended. Rock music and bands were starting to get more popular with groups such as The Beatles which reflected the youths emphasis on change and experimentation. Singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin who talked about change, freedom and peace in their songs also emphas ized the hippies want for change and freedom. With his song Blowin in the Wind Bob Dylan was able to make protest songs number one hits. Its lyrics say, How many times must the cannonballs fly, before they’re forever banned? †¦How many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died? Music was a way of expressing thoughts and this was what the counter culture was all about, people started listening to songs that talked about poverty, war, and everyday issues that hippies wanted to change. Hippies looked for change, this also included change of religion, and they were sick of the traditional Judeo-Christian religion and started to look for other religions that resembled their beliefs. Many hippies converted to religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Native American religious culture. They thought that these religions would give them inner peace and it made them stand out and break away from the traditional religion that their parents followed. They looked for meditation, yoga, and mysticism in these religions in order to have a peaceful and calm mind. This was a change because before these religions were only popular in Asia and this was another way for the hippies to reach inner fulfillment. The motto of the Hippie movement, is with no doubts peace, love and freedom. Hippies had anti war protests in many knowned colleges around the United States, such as Berkeley college, or they would protest in front of the White House saying antiwar slogans such as, Hey, hey, LBJ,(referring to Lyndon Baines Johnson the 36th President of the United States) how many kids did you kill today? or chanting Hell no, we won’t go! when security would try to make them leave. The largest anti-war demonstration in history was held when 250,000 people marched from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, once again, showing the unity of youth. There were also anti-war movies such as Dr. Strangelove, directed by Stanley Kubricks this movie ridicules the excesses of the Cold War, and was an anti-war film. Books were not left behind in the anti-war movement. Joseph Heller published Catch-22, a novel about the inanities of the military in World War II. Hippies did not believe in war. They though t that it caused deaths for no reason, since there was no reason to fight for; they believed that everything could be solved by peaceful ways. The counter culture of the 1960s also included a great part of environmental awareness. Many people started to care more about ecology and wanted to find out ways of how to help it. This is due to the work of Marsh and Hà ¤ckel, it made environmental awareness sprout and it achieved environmental reforms being passed. Books also made people more aware of the environment. Rachels Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 gave an eloquent warning against pesticides and environmental pollution. Rachel Carson said, Like the resource it seeks to protect, wildlife conservation must be dynamic, changing as conditions change, seeking always to become more effective. This message made Americans care more about the Earth and study it more. Environmental concern then became a popular social movement. As a result of the growing concern for the environment and the critiques the government was getting due to the destruction of forests. Many legislative reforms took place in this decade, the most impo rtant and the ones who helped the most were the Wilderness Act of 1964 and the Endangered Species Act of 1967. These acts signaled a new era of environmental consciousness due to the belief that man was not the owner of the earth but was just a guest. The Wilderness Act said that humans were no more than â€Å"visitors† on land, and the Endangered Species Act, alleged that, nonhuman beings were granted the legal right to exist. The 1960s movement for environmental preservation is a confirmation of how aware people became of the environment. Women in the 1950s were expected to be good mothers and wives, but women in the 1960s were the total opposite, they craved for a change in gender roles, to have freedom and will to do what they liked. This desire came with a new decade in which revolution and social change was taking place. Many women started to challenge the authority of their parents by wearing short miniskirts, smoking and drinking in public, much like the flappers of the 1920s, but with the exception that the skirts were much shorter and what they smoked were not only cigarettes. These actions, though they stirred controversy, it was not the greatest challenge against conservatives; women would live openly with men before marriage, and many also joined the work force, as a way to defy traditional ideas. All these women were inspired by Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique which was a book that was a huge seller, and it helped initiate a renaissance of feminism. The Feminine Mystique argued that women should be al lowed to find their own identity, and not just be limited to the roles of wife and mother. Betty Friedans said, When she stopped conforming to the conventional picture of femininity she finally began to enjoy being a woman. This statement was actually very powerful, since it initiated many women to fight for their right and stand out from the traditional image of being mothers and wives. In 1966, a new organization for woman was created in order to address issues such as having federal aid for day-care centers for working mothers who did not want to leave their babies alone and had no one to care for them. It also guaranteed women the right to an abortion if they did not want to have a baby, and they also worked on eliminating gender-based job discrimination, including equal pay and equal opportunities in labor force. This organization was the National Organization for Women ( NOW.) The 1960s counterculture included the liberation of women and a new found freedom for them, for the f irst time, women were stepping out of traditional ideas and fighting for equality in the work force. The counter culture of the 1960s also initiated a sexual revolution, in which people were much more open about sex and sexual ideas. The pill was put into use during this decade and it assisted the spread of the sexual revolution. The use of other birth control measures, such as diaphragms and IUDs, also increased. The famous magazine Playboy introduced its Playboy Adviser column. This column offered explicit advice and guidance to readers who seeked new and more imaginative ways of having sexual intercourse. Soon, books and magazines started to include sex and sex discussions in their pages. Helen Gurley Brown wrote Sex and the Single Girl, which was a message of female sexual liberation that it later became Cosmopolitan magazine. Plays also played a great part in the sexual revolution, Hair was a rock musical that featured frontal nudity, the play became a hit in New York and it was proof that times were changing. Giving in to change, sex shops were legalized in the 1960s, though t hey were restricted to men, it was still a great change for the time. Many people started to be more open minded, and the idea that a woman would not be able to find a husband if she was not a virgin, became absurd. With people being more open minded about sex, new sexual preferences started to become known such as homosexuals and lesbians. Although they were not fully accepted they started to push for rights and they achieved more than in the past decades. People started to be more casual about sex and less uncomfortable in discussing it. Before the 1960s the word pregnant was forbidden on television. The sexual revolution was a huge part of the 1960s counter culture, because most of the changes that occurred in that time were because of this revolution. Though The â€Å"Summer of Love† took place over thirty yearsago, its message is still significant and crucial to know and understand about the 1960s counterculture that the hippies incited. We get an idea of this with Abbie Hoffmans words, she said : â€Å"We are here to make a better world. No amount of rationalization or blaming can preempt the moment of choice each of us brings to our situation here on this planet. The lesson of the 60†²s is that people who cared enough to do right could change history. We didn’t end racism but we ended legal segregation. We ended the idea that you could send half-a-million soldiers around the world to fight a war that people do not support. We ended the idea that women are second-class citizens. We made the environment an issue that couldn’t be avoided. The big battles that we won cannot be reversed. We were young, self-righteous, reckless, hypocritical, brave, silly, headstrong and scared half to death. And we were right.† â€Å"Counterculture of the Sixties†- North Hagerstown High School A.P. U.S. History http://library.thinkquest.org/27942/counter.htm Primary source: Haight-Ashbury Maverick, â€Å"Notes to Tourists: Roll Down Your Windows,† newspaper article, 1967.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

The Black Death Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

The Black Death was an extensive epidemic that spread across Europe from 1346 to 1353, killing over an estimated one-third of Europe’s entire population (Medieval World 56). Although historians are not entirely sure of its origin, the Black Death spread quickly across both Europe and Asia with a death toll that augmented rapidly. The plague also had unusual and deadly symptoms, causing â€Å"panic everywhere, with men and women knowing no way to stop death except to flee from it† (Kohn 28). The chaos created by the malevolent force of the Black Death impacted the society of Europe as a whole. Despite the extent of the Black Death, we know surprisingly little of it (Cartwright and Biddiss 38); however, historians have presented numerous theories of its origin and spread, uncovered records of deaths, symptoms and other characteristics, and have found political records, art, and other documents recalling the plague and its impact on Europe. During the early 1320s, the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Zahler 22-25) that causes bubonic plague erupted in the Gobi Desert along trade routes possibly because of the previous Ice Age uncovering the prehistoric bacteria (Nox). The plague then quickly traveled through merchants along the Silk Road and Black Sea, spreading to both China and possibly India (Zahler 31-32). In 1347 the plague reached parts of Sicily, Marseilles, Alexandria, and Constantinople through trade, starting the period of the Black Death in Europe (138-141); however, some records also have shown that the plague was spread from Russia to Genoa to Italy, France, and Germany in 1348 through warfare from the Tartars (Cartwright and Biddiss 36-37). The Black Death then continued to spread across Europe until 1352 when the period of the ... ... (53). Works Cited Byrne, Joseph P. The Black Death. Wesport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Cartwright, Frederick F. and Michael D. Biddis, George Child. Disease and History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1972. Corbishley, Mark. The Midieval World. New York: Peter Frederick Books, 1993. Kohn, George Child. Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Facts on File, 2001. Macdonald, Fiona. The Plague and Medicine in the Middle Ages. Milwaukee, Winsconsin: World Almanac Library, 2006. Midieval World. 1. Danbury, Connecticut: Brown Patworks Limited, 2001. Nox, E.L. Skip. "The Middle Ages: The Black Death." boisestate.edu. Boise State University, 1995. Web. 13 Feb 2012. . Zahler, Diane. The Black Death. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2009.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

MBA Answers

Explain the different activity levels of Management? A: The management of an Industry can be sub-divided Into the following different level: 1. Top Management: It consists of the board of directors and the principal offers such as the chief executive managing director and the others concerned with the general operation as distinct from some functional specialization. They are the ultimate level of authority in the operation of the enterprise. They set the objectives fine the goals, establish the policies, see the policies are put into effect and Judge the results.Livingston has described the top management's actual operation by listing it as follows: a: Decision- Making I) Origination versus confirmation or veto ii) Planning 1. Setting of goals What, How, Much, at what price, when and where. 2. Mechanism a) Process b) Structural organization and co-ordination c) Appointment of key personnel â€Å"I) Ponca 1) Definition General versus specific 2) Integration v) Implementation 1) Rele ase of authority ) Financial 1) Selection of types of funds to be secured 2) Dilutions of profit.B) Judicial I) Comparison of accomplishment with goal ii) Evaluation 1. Of accomplishment with the cost 2. Of alternative possibilities iii) Counsel In place of decision or command There are certain behavioral characteristics of top level executives given below: I. Drive pure physical energy is an absolute necessity n. A strong desire to become the top man â€Å"l. A willingness to work for long hours projecting an Image of success v. Management's effectiveness

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

An evaluation of the possible methods of water provision in Northern Nigeria. The WritePass Journal

An evaluation of the possible methods of water provision in Northern Nigeria. INTRODUCTION An evaluation of the possible methods of water provision in Northern Nigeria. INTRODUCTION1.1  PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT.1.2  Background to the Development of a Water Supply Policy.1.3 The Water Situation of the region2.0 PRESENTATION OF OPTIONS.2.1 Introduction of options.3.0 REQUIREMENTS4.0 COMPARISON OF THE POSSIBLE METHODS OF WATER PROVISIONS.4.1 Groundwater4.2 Imported Water.4.3 Rainwater harvesting5.0 CONCLUSIONS6.0 LIMITATION7.0 RECOMMENDATIONSReferencesRelated INTRODUCTION Preliminary from the analysis already held by most academic that water should be regarded as an economically and socially significant. This report presents some of the accounts undertaken by a group of both international and local academicians for the possible methods of water provision to the arid region of northern Nigeria. 1.1  PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT. The main objectives of this report are: To examines and evaluates the possible methods of water provision to the arid region of northern Nigeria. Offers some recommendation for water policy about the most reliable methods of water provision, thereby describing; clarifying the Changes that need to be made. 1.2  Background to the Development of a Water Supply Policy. The climatic condition of the north eastern part of  Nigeria  is such that it is not easy for yearly and other plants to produce due to limiting factors as water (Oxford Business Group, 2010). The northern region, specifically the northeast arid district of northern Nigeria according to Bermingham (2000) is monopolised by a low annual rainfall determined in only three months. The average annual rainfall in the northern Nigeria ranges from 500-750 millimetres and it always not the same; is extremely unpredictable, due to the fact that most of it falls as severe, often with, extreme variability, storms (Mathews 2002), In other, the vegetation is sparse and the grasses are very short. Precisely, according to the SLGP consultant’s report  carried out by Fullbrook et al in the year 2005, they made the emphases that Kano State of the northern Nigeria don’t have a policy for water and therefore there are needs for improving the sustainable provisions of water .Furthermore, they claimed that the water supply condition in Kano State is poor and has been deteriorating for many years in both the urban and rural areas due to speedy in the population growth and ineffective attitudes to water supply provision, combined with inadequate funding. Inadequate supply has enormous effects for the health of the inhabitants. Water is ostensibly free in rural areas but people in urban areas are charged for it. Also because the the approach of the government towards water supply has always been top down with no input into planning decisions from citizens. Water supply has factually been viewed by a large part of the population and by many politicians as a social service (Fullbrook, et al 2005) 1.3 The Water Situation of the region The population of the states in the northern region of Nigeria are growing rapidly. According to Fullbrook et al (2005), precisely in the Kano state, the population and the water supply statistics state one of the northern states of Nigeria. As of the calculations presented in the table, 44% of the population has access to potable water. Therefor the table according to them specifies that  Ã‚  in the order of 4.8 million to 6.7 million people in Kano State are don’t have enough water supply as shown on the table below: Table 1: Population and Water Supply Statistics S/No. Objects Low Value High Value 1 Estimated total state population 8,600,000 12,000,000 2 Population outside of Greater Kano (75%) 6,450,000 9,000,000 3 Greater Kano area population (1-2) 2,150,000 3,000,000 4 Semi-urban population (30% of 2) 1,935,000 2,700,000 5 Rural Population (2-4) 4,515,000 6,300,000 6 Population served Greater Kano (50%) 1,075,000 1,500,000 7 Population not served Greater Kano area 1,075,000 1,500,000 8 Population served semi-urban (50%) 967,500 1,350,000 9 Population not served semi-urban 967,500 1,350,000 10 Population served rural (39%) 1,760,000 2,457,000 11 Population not served rural 2,754,000 3,843,000 12 Total population serve 3,803,000(44%) 5,307,000(44% 13 Total population not served 4,797,000 6,693,000 2.0 PRESENTATION OF OPTIONS. 2.1 Introduction of options. The distinctive roles of the methods for the provision thereby dealing with the issue of lack of water in the northern part of Nigeria are slated below; such are: Ground water. Imported water and Rainwater Harvesting. 3.0 REQUIREMENTS The possible methods of water provision to the arid region of northern Nigeria were compared according to the following criterias; Cost Ease of use Water quality Quantity of water produced. 4.0 COMPARISON OF THE POSSIBLE METHODS OF WATER PROVISIONS. 4.1 Groundwater One of the possible methods of water provision to the semi-arid region of the northern Nigeria is the groundwater. According to Mather (2004) He pointed out that the groundwater methods is predominantly a good and unresolved choice for sustainable water provisions in the northern Nigeria. Furthermore, Adelana and Macdonald in 2008 and Alley in 1993, they made the significant claimed that the achievement of a maintainable supply, planning is need which required the hydrological and hydrogeological data on the water demand and the other socio-economic conditions such as the cost of drilling pomp and other materials-the development of under group water required some processes the quality will be affected if not follow one after the other. 4.2 Imported Water. Furthermore, the imported water should be one of the possible of method of water provision. According to Gratzfeld and et al in 2003, they stated that the use of boreholes pumps with hand pumps, canals, pipeline, and tankers has increased the opportunity for rural areas that lack water supply. And this has good effects on such activities like, agricultural activities like irrigation has been a major means of these methods. An obvious conclusion from the work of   Ã‚  Arlosoroff (1984) is that historically, the hand pump maintenance has been managed in many different ways, though with little exclusion, some initiative has been made mainly just to repair the pump once it has damaged down rather than to carry out a scheduled preventive maintenance. Pump reliability (availability) depends on both the frequency of breakdowns and the length of time for which the pump is out of service each time it needs attention. 4.3 Rainwater harvesting Rain water is the seizure of precipitation for human use close to where it drops before it goes down into the ground (Thomas and Ford, 2000). Domestic Rainwater harvesting (DRWH), a sub-set of rainwater harvesting is usually manifest as roof run-off harvesting because ground overflow is too dirty for safe human drinking (Thomas, 2000) and Audu (1999) the rain water harvesting is usually motivated by its surface supplies, thereby in a case where pipeline water provisions and ground water are not available there is tendency for each and every home in the community to practices the rainwater harvesting method. However according to Marson (2006) in Kaplan (2011) the water can be hazardous due to some pollutant such as dust, bird dropping and some atmospheric constituents. Therefor this method is cheap, easy but not that good. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, water has been one of the most problems of the northern Nigeria; however there are three possible methods of supplying water to the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria mentioned and analysed in this report and these methods are compared in terms of such issues as cost, ease of use, quality and quantity of the water. 6.0 LIMITATION Because of the limitation in terms of the word count this report was unable to express visibly the detail explanation of the requirements and the comparison of options.    7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS In view of   all the requirements in providing water to the arid region, it could be seen that the most reliable and affordable methods is the rain water harvesting, reason being that in the northern Nigeria there are large population with low cost of living and their major occupation is agriculture. In the dry season, majority of the plants and animals die, probably due to lack of water. Sotherefor, rainwater harvesting should be the best options during the rainy season. However the rain water can be impure and easily contaminated due to the effects of environmental hazards. Finally, for a good quality of water, government, and other bodies should intervene in the imported water method since the people don’t have enough finance. References Adelana, S., and MacDonald, M. (2008) Applied Ground studies in Africa, IAH Seleted Papers on Hydrogeology, 13. Balkema: CRS Press. Alley, M.(1993) Regional Ground-Water Quality. New York: John Willey and Sons. Arlosoroff, S. (1984) Rural Water Supply Handpumps Project. World Bank Technical report No.29. Bermingham, S. (2000) Changing Environments. Oxford: Heinemann. Fullbrook,J., et al (2005) Development of a Water Supply Policy for Kano State Government. Retrieved 7th April 2011, slgnigeria.org/uploads/file/106.pdf. Gratzfeld, J., et al (2003) Extractive Industries in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones: Environmental Planning and Management. Cambridge: IUCN. Mather,J., (2010) 200 Years of British hydrogeology. Bath: Geological Society. Mathew,M., (2002) Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background. New York: Nova Publishers. Thomas, D., and Ford, R. (2005) The Crisis of Innovation in Water and Waste Water. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Overcoming Barriers to Learning Essays

Overcoming Barriers to Learning Essays Overcoming Barriers to Learning Essay Overcoming Barriers to Learning Essay This assignment attempts to clarify some of the institutional and personal factors, which may prevent adults or young people from seeking basic skills tuition. It will suggest how some of these barriers may be overcome. In particular, it will consider what the teacher can do to create positive attitudes towards learning in the student. Personal and Institutional factors Although I have attempted to place the factors under the appropriate heading, usually the factor relates both to the individuals personal factors and the factors considered by the organisation providing the basic skills support. The individual has their needs and experiences; the institution provides facilities to fulfil the needs and requirements of the individual whilst providing the environment necessary to encourage the development of the individuals basic skills. Encourage and adopt good study skills techniques giving learners individual profiles and learning plans with checklists Language Ensure that the language used is suitable for the group and that translation facilities are available for use if required Attitudes and approaches to work Encourage the learners to have a structured and disciplined approach to the tasks required. This approach is part of the life skills required for work. Tutor expectations Tutor expectations of students ability should be tailored and amended as the course progresses but will initially be based on the first meeting with the learner. It is important for the tutor to realize that each individual will achieve and progress at their own level and speed Group Expectations What are the group hoping to achieve during the course or at the end of the course. What are the tutors expectations; if there is a difference what is it. These expectations will change as the learners become involved in their learning plan but need to be kept on track. Group background What is the group background? Are they all of a similar background, what resources will be applicable for use, hoe long will the sessions need to be, are they any group limitations or factors that will require changing the course.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The eNotes Blog Teachers Corner Helping Students Understand and Appreciate CulturalDiversity

Teachers Corner Helping Students Understand and Appreciate CulturalDiversity The world has been getting smaller for some time. It now seems to be shrinking at warp speed, rapidly erasing the last vestiges of cultural isolation. Never has it been more important to understand other cultures and to recognize and appreciate cultural diversity. Fortunately, in preparing kids to live and work in the even smaller world they will inherit, there’s much that can be done in the classroom to promote cultural awareness and to help them understand people whose cultural heritage is different from their own. How a classroom looks communicates ideas and shapes students’ perceptions of the world. If a picture is worth a thousand words, then a collection of pictures that reflect cultural diversity communicates the idea that the world is made up of many different cultures, each one unique in its own ways. Displaying multicultural bulletin boards of people, places, and customs sends the message that all cultures are interesting and worthy of attention. Many color photos of multicultural bulletin boards (K-12) can be found online, good examples of teaching without saying a word. Respecting and appreciating cultural diversity can be taught by modeling. When teachers recognize and appreciate diversity among their students, their actions indicate clearly that cultural differences should be respected and explored, not ignored or rejected, so that we can better understand ourselves and others. They send the message that it’s good we’re not all the same. Some ways to make the point: Show an interest in students’ names. Besides making sure to pronounce them correctly, express an interest in the etymology and cultural significance of their names. When working with ESL students, use an online translation site to write occasional notes or make comments on their papers in their own language. Regardless of what the note or comment might say, it’s the underlying message that’s important: Your language and your culture are valued. Give kids opportunities to explore their ethnic backgrounds and the cultures that make up their heritage. A few activities that would allow them to do it: interviewing parents, grandparents, and other relatives familiar with family history researching the history of a family surname making a family tree researching a country of family origin (the language, food, music, holidays, traditions, shared beliefs and values, social norms, or whatever else they want to find out) creating posters or PowerPoint presentations that reflect what they have learned through their research writing about the cultural traditions observed in their own families Have students share their findings with one another so that they can develop a greater understanding and appreciation of the diversity that exists among their friends and classmates. Lessons with opportunities for students to read and write about other cultures promote understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity. There are hundreds of age-appropriate multicultural books and stories for elementary students, including multicultural folk tales and legends. For secondary students, many novels, short stories, and poems famous in world literature reflect the cultures of different countries. For students of any age, literature that draws them into cultures different from their own fosters their understanding that although we are not all alike in national origin and cultural heritage, we are united by universal feelings, conflicts, and experiences that transcend our differences. Participating in the traditions of different countries is fun and constructive. A quick internet search produces dozens of class activities that allow kids to learn more about different countries and to enjoy participating in some of their traditions. A few examples: Have students research some common phrases in different languages (please, thank you, you’re welcome, pardon me, etc.) and use them in class for several days. Acquaint students with an unusual game that’s popular in another country, and play it as a class activity. Organize students into teams to create a cookbook with several traditional recipes from another country and illustrated with pictures or drawings that reflect the culture. Have the kids share their cookbooks with other teams. If possible, prepare and sample some of the dishes in class. Have students work in teams to research the music of a different culture and lead the class in a song that represents it. Recognize holidays celebrated in different countries throughout the year, and observe them with holiday class activities; dozens of them are described in many online sites designed for teachers. Helping students understand and appreciate cultural diversity benefits them now, as well as in the future. Learning about different cultures around the world makes it easier for kids to understand and relate to the family next door or down the block that speaks a different language or follows the customs of a different heritage. It makes it possible to forge relationships at school and in the community with those unlike themselves, because they’re learning that despite people’s differences, they have much in common to share. Most important, understanding cultural diversity illuminates and underscores an essential truth about humanity: The whole really is greater than the sum of its parts. This is a guest post from Staff Writer, Susan Hurn. Susan is a former high school English teacher and college instructor. She loves writing for and also enjoys good books, creative writing, and all things related to history.  Let us know if you’re interested in contributing to the   blog.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Dialectical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dialectical Argument - Essay Example I said that little by little, people should start patronizing free and open source softwares so that softwares could be more accessible to all, poor and rich people alike. . FOSS are increasingly gaining popularity worldwide. In contrast to proprietary softwares, all FOSS grant users the right to use, study, change, and improve software design through the availability of the source codes. Programmers can use a particular software with a particular function to fit into a more comprehensive program he or she is designing. The word "free," in this context refers to the freedom to use or modify the source and not to the price of the software. Some FOSS are sold to consumers. However, some software developers release their softwares to the public entirely free of charge. The three softwares I mentioned are examples of the latter. My friend however was not that supportive of FOSS compared to me. In fairness to her, she clarified that she was not against FOSS per se. What she was against is giving the software away to the public free of charge. She fears that such measures takes away incentives for software developers to continue designing softwares. For her, this is detrimental to the software sciences as a whole. Being a sociology major, she also raised that as direct products of labor, mainly that of programmers, softwares have exchange value based on Marxs theory of value (Parry and Bloch). The exchange value, she said, was obvious, as softwares, be it proprietary or FOSS can be sold in the market. She contends that it was simply unfair and irrational for software developers to put an effort into developing a product with commercial value and simply giving it away for free. Indeed, Anna raised valid concerns. The quest for profit has indeed fueled many people and corporations to make advances in technology. Years back, kids have been inspired by the media and their parents to imitate "big-time" people like Bill

Friday, October 18, 2019

Justice in the United Arab Emirates (law enforcement ) Research Paper

Justice in the United Arab Emirates (law enforcement ) - Research Paper Example However, the norms related to compliance, accountability and justice are more or less uniform despite the differences. Factors such as independence, transparency of the regulating bodies, negligence and abuse by officials responsible for ensuring justice, etc., play a key role in determining the success or failure of the law enforcement systems. This paper on justice in the United Arab Emirates discusses the status and composition of law enforcement in the region and compares the same with the United States. â€Å"Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion, and is based on Gods book, the Holy Quran. ... its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete.† Islam is an official religion in the UAE and holds a position of key importance within its constitution. Religion in the U.A.E., holds significant jurisprudence in the middle eastern states and the Sharia Law is the key basis of legal legislations in the middle east. The criminal justice system in the U.A.E., is composed of a two-fold regime which includes the Sharia Law - governed by Islamic legal doctrines and is based on the Holy Quran; the sayings of Prophet Mohammed (known as the Hadith); the juristic consensus arrived at by prominent religious scholars i.e. the Ulema; and the method of reasoning by analogy i.e. the Qiyas. The civil justice system on the other hand, is governed by concepts and ideologies on criminal law derived from the western world (Mostyn, 1982). The Sharia law is mostly applied to matters of personal concern and only the citizens are covered under this law, i.e. the punishments under this law are applicable to the citizens of the U.A.E., while expats and foreigners are referred to and dealt with under the criminal justice system which applies concepts and ideologies derived from western legal laws. The legal system in the U.A.E. is based on its constitution

God called them to adopt and adopt and adopt ( Briefs writting) Article

God called them to adopt and adopt and adopt ( Briefs writting) - Article Example They take in neglected children into their custody despite their lean economic situation. The couple is faced with various hardships in helping children with disabilities. Another couple, Christian and Maureen have also adopted children. The primary issue in the article is child adoption and impact on families. Adoption, especially for a family has children, can be a devastating experience for children would have to share parenting. The situation calls for dedication and love for children. As Christians, the couples in question believe that children should have the best care that can be afforded, thus, they divide their time among all children. Adopting a child is perceived as a noble impression to Christians. However, the action requires much dedication and prayer. Apart from economic strain, adopting older children can be hectic in terms of discipline. This is depicted in Maureen case about the child, Ernesto and Misty’s case on Shon. Consequently, adopting children with disabilities proves to be a difficult task for Misty, who takes in two children, Raena and Olivia who have health problems. The article asserts that the duty to care for children is not based on the condition of the child, but due to the love of the child. The families help the children adopt a different life and fit in their new home. Often, children find it hard to move into a new family. The harmonious relationship between biological and adopted children is key or family stability. Here, the families under consideration trained their biological children on Christian values and their obligations to innocent children. Adoption is a tricky situation that calls for closer evaluation of personal attributes, economic attributes and social considerations. In this regard, the confusion between adopting and not adopting reigns each time they consider adopting another child. However, their opinions coincide when religion is referenced. Parents who neglect their children

The Illiad and Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Illiad and Gilgamesh - Essay Example The prime example is Achilles, the greatest hero of The Iliad, was the son of Thetis, a sea-goddess known for her far-reaching cosmic powers. The prestige accorded by ancient Greek civilization to the figure of Achilles, and the strong emotional attachment that goes with it, is worthy of readers attention especially because they find relatively unresponsive to this sullen and darkly brooding hero: "Rage - Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles, murderous, doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses hurling down to the House of Death (Book I). Hector represents a hero who acts in social interests more than in his own, while Achilles takes into account his own interests and neglects social responsibility. In contrast, Achilles is an ideal warrior, who is a little bit "crazy" when follows his own codex of norms. Hector is philosopher who does not subdued to common norms, and this very feature helps him to keep away from ignorance and complacency existing in the world He is a man of nerve who is able to survive and protect others in any difficult Hector can be called an ideal moral "hero" in contrast to Achilles who is driven by his own success only. In contrast to these heroes, the role of Agamemnon is to protect his land and people. His position as a king affects his decisions and actions during battles.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Examining the Use of online tools and their Impact on Learning in the Essay

Examining the Use of online tools and their Impact on Learning in the higher education - Essay Example 4). This leads to the improvement of educational quality. Colleges and universities are now adopting online tools in offering higher education through social sites, graphics, videos, audios, and words (Reuben 2009, p. 1). This paper examines the use of online tools that include blogs, wikis, RSS, and cloud computing and their impact on learning in the higher education. Cloud computing is a new technological evolution that is applicable in higher education. Various computer tasks rely on cloud computing, which depicts an improvement on the traditional learning practices. Through cloud computing, users can access data outside the traditional data center walls. We can define cloud computing as the aspect of replacing software traditionally installed on campus computers with new internet applications that seek to reduce IT complexities and cost in learning institutions that offer higher education (Nicholson 2009). Higher education institutions using cloud computing derive the capacity to gain significant flexibility and agility (Nicholson 2009). Indeed, the increased use of cloud computing in offering higher education emanates from the fact that this online tool guarantees higher accessibility, availability, and efficiency of higher education. However, in using cloud-based services, higher education institutions bear the liability of addressing security, legal, and compliance issues subject to the large number of users (Nicholson 2009). Indeed, higher education institutions define their responsibilities and focus on fundamental privacy and security issues in adopting cloud computing. Nevertheless, it is evident that the cloud-based services offered in the modern education system allow these institutions to replace the traditional learning tools with advanced learning tools that improve the quality of education. More so, cloud computing allows students

Memo about (Absolute Zero - The Conquest of Cold ) Essay

Memo about (Absolute Zero - The Conquest of Cold ) - Essay Example In addition, the theory also emphasized that heat could neither be â€Å"destroyed† or â€Å"created.† Entrepreneurs like Frederick Jude and Henry Feroe, who started a company that offered shipment services that were preserved by ice which he got from around his place. He knew that ice (cold) could be used as a preservative and hence commercialized its use. The idea became more popular as the world got into the industrial revolution. If not for Joule, the concept of energy conversion from mechanical to heat energy could not have been utilized. Joule demonstrated through his experiment of the possibility of converting Mechanical energy into heat. It is by the help of Thompson that he improved on Joules theory and came up with the Laws of Thermodynamics. The first Law of thermodynamic stated that energy can always be converted from form to form, but cannot be destroyed or created. The second Law of Thermodynamics stated that heat cannot move from a cool surface to a hot s urface. The first substance to be used in artificial refrigerators as working liquid was ammonia liquid. It is evident from the documentary that the invention of the refrigeration system took a very long time as it entailed a cocktail of a number of theories before it was actualized. After the first artificial prototype was made, several attempts to come with a good refrigeration system was put in place and several companies ventured into its production becoming a commercial product. In the documentary, I found it interesting how the refrigerator came to be made. As we live in today’s world, one cannot always appreciate some of the inventions unless they look back into the history involved in its making. It is a fact that the making of the first artificial refrigeration system took many decades before it came in place as it entailed a number of theories and facts before any agreement could be made regarding how it should work. Eventually, through the discovery of the law of conservation

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

The Illiad and Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Illiad and Gilgamesh - Essay Example The prime example is Achilles, the greatest hero of The Iliad, was the son of Thetis, a sea-goddess known for her far-reaching cosmic powers. The prestige accorded by ancient Greek civilization to the figure of Achilles, and the strong emotional attachment that goes with it, is worthy of readers attention especially because they find relatively unresponsive to this sullen and darkly brooding hero: "Rage - Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles, murderous, doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses hurling down to the House of Death (Book I). Hector represents a hero who acts in social interests more than in his own, while Achilles takes into account his own interests and neglects social responsibility. In contrast, Achilles is an ideal warrior, who is a little bit "crazy" when follows his own codex of norms. Hector is philosopher who does not subdued to common norms, and this very feature helps him to keep away from ignorance and complacency existing in the world He is a man of nerve who is able to survive and protect others in any difficult Hector can be called an ideal moral "hero" in contrast to Achilles who is driven by his own success only. In contrast to these heroes, the role of Agamemnon is to protect his land and people. His position as a king affects his decisions and actions during battles.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Memo about (Absolute Zero - The Conquest of Cold ) Essay

Memo about (Absolute Zero - The Conquest of Cold ) - Essay Example In addition, the theory also emphasized that heat could neither be â€Å"destroyed† or â€Å"created.† Entrepreneurs like Frederick Jude and Henry Feroe, who started a company that offered shipment services that were preserved by ice which he got from around his place. He knew that ice (cold) could be used as a preservative and hence commercialized its use. The idea became more popular as the world got into the industrial revolution. If not for Joule, the concept of energy conversion from mechanical to heat energy could not have been utilized. Joule demonstrated through his experiment of the possibility of converting Mechanical energy into heat. It is by the help of Thompson that he improved on Joules theory and came up with the Laws of Thermodynamics. The first Law of thermodynamic stated that energy can always be converted from form to form, but cannot be destroyed or created. The second Law of Thermodynamics stated that heat cannot move from a cool surface to a hot s urface. The first substance to be used in artificial refrigerators as working liquid was ammonia liquid. It is evident from the documentary that the invention of the refrigeration system took a very long time as it entailed a cocktail of a number of theories before it was actualized. After the first artificial prototype was made, several attempts to come with a good refrigeration system was put in place and several companies ventured into its production becoming a commercial product. In the documentary, I found it interesting how the refrigerator came to be made. As we live in today’s world, one cannot always appreciate some of the inventions unless they look back into the history involved in its making. It is a fact that the making of the first artificial refrigeration system took many decades before it came in place as it entailed a number of theories and facts before any agreement could be made regarding how it should work. Eventually, through the discovery of the law of conservation

Cause and Effects essay Essay Example for Free

Cause and Effects essay Essay There is no doubt that education is essential to peoples lives. Having a good educational background is an important factor to get a good job and to work effectively. However, one of the saddest issues in todays society is the college dropout rate in many college or university remains very high. Some people are successful because they have the motivation and determination to graduate college; others are less lucky because they start college and feel as if they lack the preparation, desire, discipline or ability to succeed academically or persevere until a degree has been earned. This leads to quite a situation–to find the support needed to continue or to dropout? Whether you’re realizing that college isn’t for you, family issues, laziness or even debt, understanding some of the common causes and effects of quitting college may aid in the decision. College is an investment. Students either pay for college themselves, possibly with family support or scholarships, or with financial aid. Many students drop out of college because they can’t or don’t want to take on any more student loan debt. The consequence of dropping out at this point is that you have already piled up sizable debt and loan payments (students who drop out of college are required to pay back a portion of their federal-aid funds such as the Pell Grant) that you have to begin paying back several months after you quit school, yet you don’t get the payoff of a degree. Many financial aid administrators feel that the government shouldn’t penalize poor students for dropping out of college, and nor should lower-income students have to â€Å"punch a clock† in order to receive their grant money. Satisfying all the academic requirements and paying all your bills is both necessary and sufficient for being eligible to graduate. In addition to any debt you must repay, your earning potential without a degree is much lower to degree holders. Thus many college dropouts struggle to cover short-term bills and expenses, and find it difficult even to consider saving up money for a home. A college dropout earns about seven percent less than someone with an associate’s degree and about thirty-two percent less than someone with a bachelor’s. College dropouts face more limited career options than graduated peers. A bachelor’s degree commonly  opens the door to entry-level positions in many industries and career fields. As a dropout, your access to many jobs that require a college degree is limited to compete for jobs against people who hold degrees, even when a degree is not required. Job opportunities aren’t the only things that push people to college, sometimes it comes from a progenitor. Some students attend college under pressure from parents or to make their parents proud, not always making themselves happy in the process. In these cases the decision to drop out is not always warmly received. In fact, some students are told that they can’t return home after dropping out, which can only build on more stress. The expectation is that they will get a job and enter the â€Å"real world.† However, to get a job with good pay is hard to find without a degree, and most people don’t realize that. Another reason for dropping out of college is if there was a death in the family or someone you were close to falls ill. A death can cause depression which will eventually make you lose focus of your studies and you’ll end up either failing out, or dropping out. Dropping out can negatively affect relationships with significant others, as well. Recent studies show that divorce rates were significantly lower for college graduates than those without degrees. Having a great academic background can take you a long way, and you can learn how to work adequately in the future. To ensure a successful future, one must strive and have the incentive to succeed. Unfortunately certain things happen and some students have to drop out. It could be a personal choice, or it could be a sacrifice they have to make. In instances where it would be a choice, the students feel as if they’re working towards a dead end and have the lack of motivation. Knowing the reasons and the consequences can help others understand the decision that was made.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks A Disaster-Resilient Modern Cellular Network: Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks, Device-to-Device Communication enabled LTE-Advanced Abstract The goal of modern communication networks is to keep every corner of the world connected at all times. This goal is of utmost importance especially during a disaster. Todays mobile communication networks fail to showcase fast disaster resilience due to the lack of a distributed communication architecture that would work even if a part of the network fails. With current technological advancements, this resilience can be achieved by creating an overlay of various techniques. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and Internet of Things (IoT) play significant roles in the next generation 5G networks. Having this in mind, this paper discusses how Self Organizing Networks (SON) when applied to HetNet, and a distributed Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled architecture when applied to Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), can strengthen the disaster resilience of a modern cellular network. Self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing heterogeneous small cell networks reduce the nee d for human intervention and ensure reliable communication during calamities. A D2D type communication is important because in most cases, physical damage to operators network elements is the cause for network failure. Hence there is a need to be able to communicate emergency messages without total dependency on a carriers network. The means of achieving these two goals will be addressed in this paper. I. Introduction The earliest forms of communications were intended to send emergency messages during wars. While communication technology has evolved from sending pigeons to next generation 5G, the industry has not been able to ensure perfectly reliable communication for disaster-struck regions with the unaffected areas during times of emergency. The existing methods for emergencies such as the earthquake and tsunami warning system (ETWS), Public Safety Networks, only serve the purpose of communicating broadcast messages to public and information sharing among officials. However it is important to also have a reliable communication means between victims in affected areas and the outside world. In 2011, around 29,000 eNBs were damaged during the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which caused network outage and affected communication of safety messages and emergency requests [12]. Problems in wireless networks during disaster scenarios include increase in traffic beyond the networks capacity, physical damage of network components including backhaul, unnecessary handovers due to improper neighbor list and limited availability of human resources [1]. The methods discussed in the paper will address these problems. A Heterogeneous Small Cell Network (HSCN) is one in which there is an umbrella created by the macro cell and small cells are deployed within the region to help fix coverage gaps and capacity needs [14]. The co-ordination of different cells within the same region without interfering is the challenging part of an HSCN. D2D communication is one in which the User Equipment (UEs) can exchange information directly. This paper will start by discussing the architecture of a SON-enabled Disaster Resilient HSCN (DRHSCN). We will discuss how self-configuration of power, automatic neighbor relation (ANR), Physical Cell Identity (PCI), self-optimization of coverage, capacity, mobility robustness and self-healing capabilities help in achieving minimal human intervention during disasters [1]. The next section of the paper will discuss how a multihop D2D communication system realized through smartphones relay can help in disaster resilience [3]. We will then discuss how the current LTE architecture can be made distributed in order to minimize the dependency between User Equipment (UE) and the core network [2]. We will discuss how D2D communication can help in this regard and increase the disaster resilience of an LTE-A network [2]. II. Utilizing SON in DRHSCN The primary purpose for using SON in Disaster Resilient Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks (DRHSCN) is to reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX) and human intervention. The DRHSCN architecture as shown in Figure 1 [1] consists of a macro cell and several small cells (femto cells) within the macro cell. Satellite link provides the backhaul. The SON entity of the network is present on the base station side. The Heterogeneous evolved Node B (HeNB) serves the femto user equipment (FUE) while the macro base station serves the macro user equipment (MUE). Figure 1. Architecture of DRHSCN [1] During disasters, there will need for deployment of new nodes such as cellular on wheels (CoW), adaptation of the existing nodes to the changes, and healing of the nodes that were damaged physically. Self-configuration means a newly added node during a disaster scenario automatically selects the network parameters and schemes such as physical cell ID (PCI), power configurations, neighbor lists and other basic settings needed for proper operation [4]. The newly added nodes are configured into the network and then the existing nodes involve in self-optimizing as a reaction to the environmental changes caused by the disaster. Self-optimization means automatically changing the radio resource management parameters such as power parameters (pilot, control and data), tilt, azimuths, handover management parameters, and others needed to optimize the performance of the network [4]. Self-Configuring new nodes We will discuss the methods for self-configuring the transmit power, physical cell ID and Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) in DRHSCN. Let us assume a new HeNB is entering the network and its boundary ends where the path loss is 2 dB from the HeNB. When it powers on, the HeNB will receive Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements of the macro eNB as well as other HeNBs in the vicinity. Based on this self-discovery, the HeNB will configure a suitable transmit power to mitigate the co-channel interference with the macro or other small cells [1]. A FUE will be covered by the HeNB if Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) from the HeNB is above 3dB. An MUE will be served by the macro eNB if SINR from macro eNB is above 1dB. Based on these assumptions, the self-configuration will make sure that for FUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is below 3dB. For MUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is above 1dB. This way the HeNB cannot affect the MUE outside its boundary [1]. Figure 2. (a) Self-configuration of PCI [1] (b) Self-configuration of ANR [1] A physical cell ID needs to be unique for each cell in its operating area in order to avoid collision and confusion. Since the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS, SSS) are based on the PCI, any collision would result in synchronization problems. There are only 504 possible PCIs [4]. Hence in a dense deployment of heterogeneous networks, it is difficult to guarantee uniqueness. Instead of manually configuring PCI during network planning or randomly selecting a PCI, an automatic PCI selection algorithm [1] as shown in Figure 2a [1] would result in lesser collisions and confusions in a disaster scenario. The HeNB first detects neighbors in its vicinity and composes a deny list. It then requests a reserved list from the SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system. Based on these, an available PCI is selected and confirmed with the OAM. It is a periodic procedure and the HeNB reselects its PCI based on the neighbor PCIs seen in UE measurement repor ts. In order to ensure handovers are managed properly in the absence of human resource during disasters, an Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature should be added. This enables the self-configuration of the Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) and deletion of unnecessary neighbor relations (NR). The algorithm is shown in Figure 2b [1] and is very similar to the PCI selection algorithm. Instead of a PCI list, a neighbor list is composed. The neighbor PCI and Cell Global Identity (CGI) are obtained from the UE measurement reports. ANR reduces the need for handover selection from a long neighbor list by removing unnecessary NR periodically. [1] Self-Optimizing existing nodes Self-optimization in the existing HeNB in DRHSCN is achieved in two ways Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) and Coverage Optimization. In a heterogeneous network, the occurrence of unnecessary handovers due to complex mobility patterns and cell boundaries, results in large consumption of resources which cannot be afforded especially in a disaster scenario. The purpose of self-optimizing handover (HO) parameters is to detect such unnecessary handovers and to avoid them while not compromising on handover failure rate. A Mobility Robustness Optimization algorithm is proposed for a DRHSCN [1]. A cost function is first calculated as a weighted sum of five types of handovers [5]. These include ping-pong handover which return the HO back to the serving cell, early handover when Radio Link Failure (RLF) occurs since the HO was executed earlier than required, late handover when the HO is processed too late which results in RLF, continuing handover when the HO after execution is immediately is handed over to another cell which is not the serving cell, wrong handover when the HO was made to the wrong cell resulting in RLF [6]. In order to optimize the handover process, each HeNB has a timer which starts when handover complete message is received from UE. This timer stops as soon as an RLF occurs or is reported by other eNBs/HeNBs. From the UE status after RLF the HeNB will be able to recognize if it was a late, early or wrong handover, or call drop. Based on the performance metrics collected by a single eNB/HeNB, the parameters are optimized [1]. As shown in Figure 3 [1], the optimized parameters are calculated based on the cost function. This calculation is repeated iteratively after detecting unnecessary, too late, too early and wrong handovers, and fixing the weights of the cost function accordingly. The SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system collects the performance reports. The RLF and unnecessary HO are reduced significantly by the optimization algorithm which will help in efficient handovers during disasters when the HeNB are randomly deployed [1]. Figure 3. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) [1] Coverage optimization is done by adaptively choosing the cell boundary. This is important in a disaster scenario because fast random deployments of small cells do not take into account the interference caused by the small cells with macro cells which will reduce the performance of the DRHSCN. In the self-configuration phase, we created fixed boundaries based on RSRP measurements of eNB and other HeNBs. This boundary is not realistic since we will deploy small cells indoor such as in buildings. The RSRP measurements of the FUE during the self-optimization phase will help in determining a realistic coverage radius. Large changes in RSRP is observed when the FUE enters or leaves a building due to penetration loss associated with walls. The algorithm given in Figure 4 [1] shows how after self-configuration, either an adaptive or fixed boundary is chosen based on whether a house boundary was got from the decision module. This process is iteratively applied and an optimal boundary is chose n. The performance analysis of the power self-configuration and coverage self-optimization algorithm together shows better macro and small cell coverage. It helps provide better coverage and manage capacity efficiently [1]. Figure 4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization [1] Self-Healing triggered by failed nodes Self-healing is the process of handling the coverage gaps or capacity overloads resulting from the failure due to physical damage of a base station (either macro or small cell) during disasters [1].ÂÂ   Self-healing consists of automatic fault detection, fault classification and cell compensation schemes [7]. Figure 5 [7] shows the flow chart of a self-healing process. Fault classification into degraded (sub-optimal operation), crippled (major faults causing low SINR) or catatonic cells (complete outage) can be done using Bayesian systems to determine type of fault with certain probability [9]. Learning algorithms are important to make the detection more intelligent by having a log of faulty alarm detections. The Trigger Conditions of Self-Healing (TCoSH) satisfy when anomalies occur for a particular duration and cause sufficient performance degradation. The logical steps for self-healing are provided by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [8]. The compensation scheme s, depending on type of fault, might involve automatic reconfigurations which would direct the neighbors to up tilt antennae, increase power, or enable relay-assisted handover [10]. It is critical to continue monitoring the faulty base station through X2 interface to check if it has recovered, so that neighbors can return to their optimal configurations. Much research is needed in self-healing in terms of the various learning, classification, and compensation algorithms before it can be deployed practically [7]. Figure 5. Self-Healing Process [7] III. D2D communication during disasters In the previous section, we discussed how a SON-enabled DRHSCN implementation can help operate a 4G network reliably and efficiently during disasters. However, we need to note that the dependence on cellular operators networks is high in a DRHSCN. During a disaster, the physical damages caused to the operator network in a significantly large area, are difficult to be handled using self-healing alone. Hence there is a need for a decentralized network architecture as an overlay over DRHSCN that will ensure reliable communication of emergency messages. Figure 6. D2D communication during disasters [3] Access and Network technologies in D2D communication In this sub-section we will discuss a multi-hop D2D communication realized using relay by smartphones [3]. As a minimum requirement, unacknowledged, best effort delivery of small packets of messages such as text, voice should be possible. The types of messages may be emergency communication between affected areas and outside world, broadcast messages to the affected areas, local information sharing within refugee areas, etc. as shown in Figure 6 [3]. The interconnection of the D2D network with the outside world can also be achieved through Satellite, unmanned aircraft system (UAS), etc. [3]. The various technologies that can be used in multihop D2D communication as shown in Figure 7 [3] will be discussed next. Figure 7. Technologies in D2D communication [3] The wireless access technologies need not be limited to one. Multiple technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LTE-A, WiGig (Wireless Gigabit) can be used based on the environment, data needs, physical distance, spectrum availability. The developments in mobile equipment technologies such as battery technology, antenna design techniques enable the use of various wireless interfaces on a single mobile terminal [3]. Bluetooth, WiFi and Zigbee are used currently. While WiGig has the advantage of being de-centralized and having high speeds (up to 7 Gbps for 60 GHz bandwidth), it is a short range technology (10m). LTE-A has the advantage of having a good channel quality and lesser interference due to a base station acting as controller. To overcome the disadvantage of dependence on operator network during disasters, we will discuss a decentralized D2D communication architecture for LTE-A in the next sub-section. The networking (routing) technologies used in smartphone relay cannot be fixed, like in other multihop communications due to the unpredictable mobility of the terminals. Hence each device selects its own routing method based on its situation. Hence integrating various routing technologies is inevitable. For a stable dense mesh network such as WiFi ad hoc, which is are almost immobile, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) type routing is preferred. MANET sends a message via an established path from source to destination. Delay/disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) is suitable for both single and mutihop communication since it is a network layer technology [3]. For wireless access technologies that work on a single hop such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, DTN-type routing has to perform multihop through various single hops. Since the best type of routing depends on the scenario, implementing a fusion of the two routing types would be the most efficient. Interconnection of the multihop D2D communication system with external networks such as satellite, movable and deployable resource units (MDRU) [11], unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is possible. Longer distance communication with areas not affected by the distance is possible through such interconnection. The gateway between the D2D system and outside networks filters out redundant messages received from DTN type routing which tends to send duplicates [3]. The gateway should advertise its presence so that the terminals can direct their messages to it. For certain applications, it is important to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Hence a security functionalities are added. In order to ensure that all types of smartphones can participate in the D2D communication, all operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows, etc.) should be compatible. In order to ensure independency from cloud services, it is suggested that the terminals have a mutihop D2D mode for emergency purpose s. In [3], a prototype based on fusion of MANET and DTN routing technologies was developed and its performance was tested to be good. D2D communication enabled decentralized LTE-A architecture The dependencies between the UE, eNB and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) reduce the resilience and flexibility of a 4G network. We will discuss a D2D enabled LTE-A architecture that will reduce this dependency [2]. The EPC is an all-IP core network that performs the access control, authentication, etc. Failure of any entity within the EPC can cause a cascading effect and might take long time to fix. A novel software architecture, which virtualizes certain fundamental EPC services and resource management functions within the eNB to reduce the dependency between the eNB and EPC is proposed in [2]. A new component called Flexible Management Entity (FME) is suggested to be added to the architecture. The eNB along with the FME which includes the virtual EPC entity would now be called the Hybrid eNB (HYeNB). The detailed design and distributed protocols associated with the FME are discussed in [2]. Wired or wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16, optical, satellite networks, etc. are used to maintain connection between HYeNB and physical EPC. While the above virtualization creates a distributed architecture between the eNB and the EPC, we will discuss about how the dependency between UE and the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be reduced in LTE-A by deploying D2D feature that was introduced in Release 12 of 3GPP [13]. The D2D communication is discovered, established and maintained without any interference from eNB or EPC. The uplink channels PUCCH, PUSCH and PRACH are used for the initialization and operation of the D2D protocol. A D2D communication can be set up within the UEs in the network when needed either using the D2D-Agent present inside the FME, or the UEs can establish the D2D communication independent of the HYeNB. When connection with eNB is lost for a Time of Interruption (ToI), a selected UE (b-UE) will take up the role of D2D-A. The b-UE will establish, manage and coordinate the D2D network. It is necessary to have ToI to avoid ping-pong effect. The multiple access scheme used by such a b-UE is Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to less interference and battery consumption [2]. Figure 8. Handshake messages when UE joins a D2D network [2] All UEs which lost connection with HYeNB for ToI is allowed to consider transmitting direct beacon frames (D-beacons). But before a UE transmits D-beacons, it will listen to the channel for at least two D-beacon time intervals (TD) (time between two beacons which can be any multiple of frame duration 10 ms) to see if any other UE is already the b-UE. If after two TD, no beacon was received, the UE becomes b-UE and starts broadcasting the D-beacons with information such as D2D network ID, identification of UEs in the network, etc. on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). PUCCH is also used by b-UE to reply to UE network association requests as shown in Figure 8 [2].ÂÂ   The network joining procedure is same as the four-way handshake that occurs during LTE random access. There are 64 Zadoff Chu preambles from which the UE who wishes to join chooses from to minimize contention. The contention resolution scenario involves the b-UE sending response based on the UE ID in the D2 D network. The UE which did not receive a response backs off. The random access operations are performed using the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The response which is usually sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in traditional LTE, should be sent on PUCCH by the b-UE. Reserved slots in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) are used for the third message (association request). PUSCH is also used for data and voice transmission. The resources reservation for data and voice takes place between peer UE and does not need b-UE involvement. [2] The UEs will continue search for synchronization signals and Master Information Block (MIB) on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) to see is the HYeNB has been reconnected. Once reconnected, the resources allocated to the D2D network will be given up [2]. IV. Conclusion A SON-enabled DRHSCN and D2D communication enabled LTE-A are two technologies that will greatly increase the robustness and resilience of existing cellular networks as well as future 5G networks during disasters. The two methods can be implemented as an overlay by introducing D2D communication within a Heterogeneous network. The multihop smart phone relay using a multiple wireless access and a fusion of routing technology when applied to the D2D network, create another layer of resilience. These methods achieve the primary goal of making the network self-reliant and distributed so that communication can be established even when any part of the network is damaged by disaster. The future 5G architecture can be made disaster-resilient from the start if the proposed methods are taken into account even during standardization. By extending the proposed D2D protocol into Internet of Everything (IoE), we will be able to send emergency messages not only to humans but also to trains, cars, etc . to prevent major accidents. V. References H. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, Self-organization in disaster-resilient heterogeneous small cell networks, IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 116-121, 2016. K. Gomez, L. Goratti, T. Rasheed, L. Reynaud, Enabling Disaster-Resilient 4G Mobile Communication Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 66-73, Dec. 2014. H. Nishiyama, M. Ito, N. Kato, Relay-by-smartphone: Realizing multihop device-to-device communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 56-65, Apr. 2014. 3GPP, TSG E-UTRAN, Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions, TR 36.902 V9.3.1, 2011. W. Zheng et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Self-Organizing LTE Femtocell Networks, EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. , vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 2013. H. Zhang et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Femtocell Networks Based on Ant Colony Algorithm, IEICE Trans. Commun. , vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1455-58, 2012. O.G. Aliu, A. Imran, M.A. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organisation in future cellular networks, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp.336-361, 2013. 3GPP, Telecommunications management; self-healing OAM; concepts and requirements, 3GPP TS 32.541 v1.6.1, Tech. Rep., 2010. R. M. Khanafer, B. Solana, J. Triola, R. Barco, L. Moltsen, Z. Altman, and P. Lazaro, Automated diagnosis for UMTS networks using bayesian network approach, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2451-2461, 2008. M. Amirijoo, L. Jorguseski, T. Kurner, R. Litjens, M. Neuland, L. C. Schmelz, and U. Turke, Cell outage management in LTE networks, in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Wireless Communication Systems ISWCS 2009, pp. 600-604, 2009. T. Sakano et al., Disaster-Resilient Networking: A New Vision Based on Movable and Deployable Resource Units, IEEE Network, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 40-46, 2013. ICT responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake, FUJINO, Masaru. Counselor for Communications Policy. Embassy of Japan, U.S. Telecom Assn. Boarding Room, 2011. 3GPP, Feasibility Study for Proximity Services (ProSe), TR 22.083, 2012. A. Ghosh, N. Mangalvedhe, R. Ratasuk, B. Mondal, M. Cudak, E. Visotsky, T.A. Thomas, J.G. Andrews, P. Xia, H.S. Jo, and H.S. Dhillon, Heterogeneous cellular networks: From theory to practice, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 50, no. 6, 2012.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Chicano Movement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examp

In American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-Americans (Herrera). At first, the movement had a weak start but eventually the movement gained momentum around the 1960’s (Herrera). Mexican-Americans, also known as Chicanos, began to organize in order to eliminate the social barriers that prevented them from progressing in American society (Bloom 47). Throughout the years of the Chicano Movement, Mexican-Americans had a â€Å"desire to integrate into the mainstream culture while preserving their own identity† (Bloom 47) . The Chicano Civil Rights Movement was a progressive era when Mexican-Americans had goals that they wanted to accomplish and sought reform in order to be accepted as a part of the United States. The Chicano Movement, like many other civil rights movements, gained motivation from the everyday struggles that the people had to endure in the United States due to society. Mexican-Americans, like many other ethnicities, were viewed as an inferior group compared to white Americans. Mexican-Americans sought to make a change with the Chicano Movement and â€Å"the energy generated by the movement focused national attention on the needs of Mexican-Americans† (Bloom 65). The Mexican-American Movement had four main issues that it aimed to resolve and they ranged from â€Å"restoration of la... ...tory: Postwar United States, 1946 to 1968, Revised Edition (Volume IX). New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 12 February 2012. Tejada-Flores, Rick. "Fight in the Fields - CESAR CHAVEZ | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 12 February 2012. Tenes, Angel. "SYLVIA MENDEZ GETS HIGHEST U.S. AWARD & HONOR."MENDEZ V. WESTMINSTER. 25 February 2011. Web. 10 March 2012. United States and Mexico. "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo." From Treaties and Other Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. Compiled by Charles I. Bevans. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968-76. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 10 March 2012. Woo-Sam, Anne. "Mexican Americans and the Chicano Movement." Encyclopedia of American Social Movements. Sharpe Online Reference. 2012. n. pag. Web. 12 February 2012.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence    Everyday, a child witnesses an act of violence. Not on television but in their own home. "Family and home are not havens in which a child finds nurturing and safety, but rather a battleground where fear, anxiety, confusion, anger, and disruption are significant threads in the tapestry of home life," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Children of family violence are often abusers or victims of abuse themselves. Family violence is a cycle that is very hard to stop. A home is supposed to be a safe place where children learn how to love and relate to others. If they are constantly seeing violence in their parent's relationship, then they assume that a normal relationship is also filled with violence. Often, children do not understand why the violence occurs and may be afraid to share their emotions because of fear. They may associate love and pain together, because this is witnessed in their home. This could lead to psychological problems and confusion about relationshi ps. Children who witness family violence tend to have behavioral, interpersonal, and emotional problems. Some of the behavioral problems children of family violence suffer from are aggression, withdrawal, and frustration. Children of family violence are often more violent than other children (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Some stress management techniques that children learn are bursts of anger. Violence is learned as an efficient way to solve problems. They often model their parent's conflict resolution techniques. These children are often withdrawn and internalize their emotions. Most of these children are isolated from their peers. Frequent change of residence could be a cause of children's isolation from peers (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Children of family violence are often frustrated because they can not deal with their problems. Often, their education is disrupted by family violence and they start having problems concentrating at school and with truancy. Most are underachievers as a result of low self-esteem which leads to low pa rticipation in class or other school activities (Children's Services Plan). Children of family violence also have many interpersonal problems. They usually assume the victim role. Weak and unhealthy relationships are frequent in adults that grew up in violent homes. Children of family violence have trouble forming intimate relationships and have problems understanding others emotions. (Berry 105). "Each year, millions of children witness their mothers being emotionally abused, physically battered, even sexually assaulted by their fathers or other men in the home" (Berry 104). The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence :: Expository Cause Effect Essays The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence    Everyday, a child witnesses an act of violence. Not on television but in their own home. "Family and home are not havens in which a child finds nurturing and safety, but rather a battleground where fear, anxiety, confusion, anger, and disruption are significant threads in the tapestry of home life," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Children of family violence are often abusers or victims of abuse themselves. Family violence is a cycle that is very hard to stop. A home is supposed to be a safe place where children learn how to love and relate to others. If they are constantly seeing violence in their parent's relationship, then they assume that a normal relationship is also filled with violence. Often, children do not understand why the violence occurs and may be afraid to share their emotions because of fear. They may associate love and pain together, because this is witnessed in their home. This could lead to psychological problems and confusion about relationshi ps. Children who witness family violence tend to have behavioral, interpersonal, and emotional problems. Some of the behavioral problems children of family violence suffer from are aggression, withdrawal, and frustration. Children of family violence are often more violent than other children (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Some stress management techniques that children learn are bursts of anger. Violence is learned as an efficient way to solve problems. They often model their parent's conflict resolution techniques. These children are often withdrawn and internalize their emotions. Most of these children are isolated from their peers. Frequent change of residence could be a cause of children's isolation from peers (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Children of family violence are often frustrated because they can not deal with their problems. Often, their education is disrupted by family violence and they start having problems concentrating at school and with truancy. Most are underachievers as a result of low self-esteem which leads to low pa rticipation in class or other school activities (Children's Services Plan). Children of family violence also have many interpersonal problems. They usually assume the victim role. Weak and unhealthy relationships are frequent in adults that grew up in violent homes. Children of family violence have trouble forming intimate relationships and have problems understanding others emotions. (Berry 105). "Each year, millions of children witness their mothers being emotionally abused, physically battered, even sexually assaulted by their fathers or other men in the home" (Berry 104).

Friday, October 11, 2019

Ang pag-ibig Essay

We live in a time where entrepreneurship is finally a focus of a significant number of colleges and universities, and is even reaching into high schools. The question I have is: why has it taken so long for schools to recognize the importance of, and start teaching, students about entrepreneurship? I am proud to say that I learned a lot from my Entrepreneurship subject specially when you start a business you must start small and end more profit. And specially when Sir Abog said that when you start a business we must have first a business planning execution is where the money is at. Write something short, sweet and to the point and get on with it. I always preach about my One Paragraph Start Up Plan as the best way to get started. I learned also on how Strategic partners are not always good ideas. Before you bring on anyone as a business partner, determine if truly â€Å"partnering† is the best option. Decide if alternatives such as sharing revenue or doing a joint venture are a better fit. Make sure you know everything about the person you wish to partner with, from their political backgrounds to their business ethics. And if you decide to go  ahead and bring on a partner, be sure to create an operating agreement that clearly states what happens in every possible outcome—from a partner leaving to a partner dying. I learned also on how business growth happens in real time. I learned also, no matter how successful you are, accept that you will fail again. Failure is good. It will be your guide to smarter, better decisions. The faster you realize t hat your business will never be perfect and there is no such thing as smooth sailing, you’ll grow as a leader as a result. Learned also practice strategic thinking not planning. The best plans can be made obsolete in a minute. I learned also that Entrepreneurship majors learn how to build, promote, and manage their own businesses. They also learn how to apply their creativity and energy to make existing businesses more productive. Learned on how nearly all entrepreneurship programs will require you to take a class in developing a business plan — the backbone behind any idea. Your plan will discuss your dream business, your goals, and how you plan to achieve them. A plan will show other professionals how good your idea really is. It will also come in handy when you go looking for money to get started. Banks and investors will want to see it before handing over the funds. I realized that if high schools focused on entrepreneurship, freedom would rule the campus. Entrepreneurship gives students, adults, and even children the ability to express themselves. It would give us the opportunity to see how brilliant young minds really can be and the types of ideas, visions, and goals they have. High school entrepreneurship promotes students to focus less on curriculum and more on their passions, which makes the learning experience fun and far more engaging. By focusing on entrepreneurship, students would truly have the option to pursue their dreams. Passion would be the driving force behind what the reality of a future career or advanced education would mean. High schools would be a place to foster creativity and interest, giving students the opportunity to take action and responsibility for creating their future. I learned also what are Business practices about general business practices that are recommended in maintaining the appropriate accountability structure. I learned also on how to cooked Special Bihon, how to sale into the costumers, how to be a good and nice to the costumers. Entrepreneurship subject helps me how to be a future Entrepreneurship soon , helps to learned Business economic development to our country. Learned also what are the 8 consumers rights like Right to Basic Needs, Right to Safety, Right to Information, Right to Choose, Right to Representation, Right to Redress, Right to Consumer Education, and the last Right to a Healthy Environment. Actually I learned a lot in our Entrepreneurship subject and I am thankfull of our beloved teachers Mr. Marjun Abog and also Dr. Lita Ladera-Jomoc for teaching us on how to be a good Entrepreneurship.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Private Prisons Essay

Oct. 18, 2001 Thesis Private prisons can be a profitable and secure alternative to government run Statement prisons. Private prisons are able to be profitable by controlling the administrational cost of operating the facilities. At the same time, they must adhere to high governmental standards to maintain the right to operate. Background As a nation, we have many issues that we must face. One of those issues is the administration of the, already overcrowded, prison system. This issue is one of the most taxing problems facing our criminal justice system. According to U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, the prison population at year-end 2000, there were 1,381,892 men and women in State or Federal prison (U.S. Department of Justice). Luckily, the private sector has stepped up to, not only help with this problem, but also take advantage of the profitability in this venture. Evidence #1 Containing labor costs is a crucial issue of the privatization movement. Approximately 70% of the costs of operating a prison go to staff salaries, fringe benefits, and overtime (Logan 2). The administration of this cost is difficult to achieve with unionized government workers. In contrast, private institutions use nonunion and contracted labor, allowing for the lowest benefit packages. With nonunion and contracted labor, government restrictions that interfere with efficient personnel management such as hiring, firing, promotion, salary setting, assignment of duties, work schedules, vacations, and overtime can be avoided. Overall, private institutions contend that they can save around 15% in prison operations when labor cost is efficient handled (Logan 2). Evidence #2 Another way the private sector can control cost is that the private sector has greater flexibility in the procurement process. The private sector contractors are not bound by the same cumbersome and stiff government procurement system. Private vendors can purchase goods and services quicker. They can maintain lower food, supplies, and equipment inventories as well as negotiate better prices for these goods. Competition between contractors, that will supply these goods, will help hold down costs and provide for superior service. Contract renewals are always on the line if service becomes questionable. Evidence #3 One of the most asked questions is what happens in the case of a strike? The answer is about the same as for a government-run prison. Contracted prison guards may not have the right to strike but the absence of this right has not prevented guards from participating in strikes, sick-outs, and other job actions. At a private prison in Rhode Island, all but a few contract guards walked off their jobs. On the other hand, all but a handful of guards at New York’s 33 state-run correctional facilities went on a strike that lasted 17 days (Logan 6). Of course, a disruption at a privately run facility could allow the government to terminate a contract. The threat of termination due to loss of a contract or simply being fired from the position is a strong incentive against a strike. In any case, the National Guard and state police will provide the ultimate backup for prison staff, be it private or public. Evidence #4 Another question is what happens in the case of a riot or escape? In fact, the experience of privately run prisons has been no worse off than that of the government-run facilities. Most contracts require that privately operated prisons conform to the law, rules, and regulations set down by the government. This is, at times, more tightly monitored than the government-run facilities. Keep in mind that the privately operated prison contracts will always include a contingency plan to deal with strikes, riots, or bankruptcy. Refutation One activist against private prisons said, â€Å"private prisons cannot be as safe and secure as a government run prison â€Å" ¦ they are only interested in the profits† (Yeoman 284). According to report done by the Bureau of Justice Assistance from July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995, violations per 1,000 inmates were 42.3% and deaths per 1,000 inmates were 2.9% for government facilities (Austin and Coventry 48). Compared to the private facilities, violations per 1,000 inmates were 50.5% and deaths per 1,000 inmates were 0.7% between January 1 and December 31, 1997 (Austin and Coventry 48). This would suggest that there are no more problems at a private prison then a public prison. Concluding With many investors becoming interested in the profitability of investing in the statement private prison system, there seems to be more facilities opening yearly. The government echoes the is happy with this trend, as it has enabled them to keep up with the growing prison thesis population at a reduced cost. As far as the government is concerned, the private prison statement system is a good thing, and they are here to stay. Berry Yeoman, The Best Business Stories of the Year â€Å"† 2001 Edition, Vintage Books, New York, 2001, p. 282-296 Charles H. Logan, http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~wwwsoci/fraser.html, Prison Privatization: Objections and Refutations, University of Connecticut, 1998 James Austin, Ph.D., Garry Coventry, Ph.D., http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/181249.pdf, Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons, U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Washington, DC, Feb. 2000 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/p00.htm, Prisoners in 2000, Aug. 12, 2001